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This change adds the algorithms from [alg.nth.element] and the remaining
algorithms from [alg.binary.search] to util::ranges.

Bug: 1071094
Change-Id: Id5556ce982d5144e1f1aeaacfe5eb97a2abe73b4
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/2332195
Commit-Queue: Jan Wilken Dörrie <jdoerrie@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Peter Kasting <pkasting@chromium.org>
Cr-Commit-Position: refs/heads/master@{#794649}